![]() An extradural mass in the spinal canal will exert its effect on the spinal cord from the periphery to the center. Injury to the spinal cord may ultimately lead to neurological deficits and with increasing pressure and/or longer duration the extent of deficits may be more prominent and less reversible. The spinal cord itself has no sensory nerve fibers. The pain suffered with disc disease arises from several sources: 1) discogenic pain (stretching or ruptures in the annulus fibrosus), 2) meningeal pain (mechanical contact or mass effect of extruded disc material on the meninges and/or foreign body inflammatory response to nucleus pulposis material in vertebral canal), 3) radicular pain (compression or entrapment of nerve roots, 'root signature'). When the intervertebral disc ruptures and herniates, it causes damage to the nervous system which initially results in pain. Degeneration of discs is associated with decreased water content and two types are distinguished: 1) Hansen type I degeneration: chondroid degeneration with extrusion of nucleus material through a ruptured dorsal annulus fibrosus and the dorsal longitudinal ligament into the vertebral canal, and 2) Hansen type II degeneration: fibroid degeneration with bulging or protrusion of the partially ruptured and thickened annulus fibrosus. ![]() The intervertebral disc consists of the ring-like, fibrous, collagen-rich annulus fibrosus and the central, gelatinous, water-rich nucleus pulposis. Cervical and thoracolumbar disc disease affect the spinal cord whereas lumbosacral disc disease affects the cauda equina. The end of the spinal cord in dogs lies inside lumbar vertebra L6. Disc diseases in canines occur in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and lumbosacral region. Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a frequent neurologic problem affecting dogs and occurs rarely in cats.
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